挖沟及挖掘工具箱

Working in 沟es 和 excavations can be one of the most dangerous construction operations. 塌方是最大的危险, but there are other potential hazards including fall into the 沟, 货物掉落罢工工人, 存在危险气氛, 以及被移动设备困住. The Occupational 安全 和 Health Administration’s (OSHA) Excavation 和 Trenching St和ard is designed to protect workers from these hazards.

挖沟和挖掘资源

• OSHA挖沟和挖掘安全指南
• 挖沟及挖掘每日核对表(英语 和 西班牙语)
• NAHB-OSHA挖沟和挖掘安全手册 (英语和西班牙语)
• OSHA备忘录:29 CFR 1926暂停.652至房屋地基/地下室挖掘
• OSHA挖沟技术手册
• OSHA挖沟 & 挖掘eTool

基础和地下室的要求

In 1995, Federal OSHA granted the home building industry some 救援 from the excavation requirements during residential basement foundation excavation work. 的需求 29 CFR 1926.652 DO NOT apply to house foundation/basement excavations when all the following conditions are present:

• The house foundation/basement excavation is less than seven 和 one-half feet in depth or is benched for at least two (2) feet horizontally for every five (5) feet or less of vertical height.
• The minimum horizontal width (excavation face to formwork/wall) at the bottom of the excavation is as wide as practicable but not less than two (2) feet.
• 没有水, 表面张力裂纹, nor other environmental conditions present that reduce the stability of the excavation.
• 所有土壤, 设备, 和 material surcharge loads are no closer in distance to the top edge of the excavation than the excavation is 深的; however, when front end loaders are used to dig the excavations, the soil surcharge load shall be placed as far back from the excavation as possible, 但永远不要离得超过两英尺.
• Work crews in the excavation are the minimum number needed to perform the work.
• The work has been planned 和 is carried out in a manner to minimize the time employees are in the excavation.

挖沟及挖掘要求

• Determine the soil classification 和 requirements for the soil type (A, B, or C).
• 挖之前先打811. Request utility companies or owners to determine the location of underground utility installations before excavating.
• 挖至少5英尺. 远离有标记的公用设施.
• 如果壕沟是5英尺. in depth or greater, then ensure proper sloping, benching, or shoring is in place.
• 如果壕沟是20英尺. in depth or greater, then ensure engineering protective systems are in place.
• Ensure that underground installations are protected, 支持, 或者在挖掘过程中被移走.
• Keep heavy 设备 away from 沟 edges 和 identify other sources that might affect 沟 stability.
• 保持所有的废物堆和设备至少2英尺. 远离挖掘的边缘.
• 每隔25英尺使用楼梯、梯子和坡道. 退出挖掘.
• Do not st和 beneath loads h和led by lifting or digging 设备.
• Do not work in excavations where water is st和ing or accumulating unless special supports are used to prevent cave-ins.
• 检查发掘, 邻近地区, 和 protective systems for evidence of possible cave-ins, 保护系统失效的迹象, 危险的大气, other hazardous conditions at the beginning of each workday or if the stability of the excavation could change.
• 测试大气危害，如低氧, hazardous fumes 和 toxic gases when greater than 4 ft. 深的.
• Wear warning vests or other high visibility materials when working near moving 设备 or vehicles.

挖沟的基础

什么是挖掘或壕沟?

OSHA将挖掘定义为任何人工切割, 腔, 沟, or depression in the earth’s surface formed by earth removal. A 沟 is defined as a narrow underground excavation that is 深的er than it is wide, 宽度不超过15英尺.5米).

Which OSHA st和ards address 沟ing 和 excavation hazards in construction work?

Employers are required to comply with the 沟ing 和 excavation requirements 29 CFR Part 1926, 部分P.

胜任人员的职责是什么?

OSHA’s 沟ing 和 excavation st和ard requires that a competent person inspect jobsite 沟es daily, as the conditions change such as a rainstorm occurring, 在工人进入战壕之前, 确保消除挖掘危险. A competent person is knowledgeable about excavation hazards 和 has the authority to fix those hazards.

How to do you protect workers in an excavation or 沟?

All workers who enter a 沟 or excavation more than 5 ft. 深的 must be protected by benching or sloping of the earth, shoring, or shielding (i.e., 沟 boxes) to the direction of the competent person.

保护系统:

• Benching means a method of protecting workers from cave-ins by excavating the sides of an excavation to form one or a series of horizontal levels or steps, usually with vertical or near vertical surfaces between levels. NOTE: Benching cannot be done in Type C soil, which is the least stable soil type.
• Sloping involves cutting back the 沟 wall at an angle inclined away from the excavation.
• Shoring requires installing aluminum hydraulic or other types of supports to prevent soil movement 和 cave-ins.
• Shielding protects workers by using 沟 boxes or other types of supports to prevent soil cave-ins.

DO NOT enter an unprotected 沟 that is 5 feet (1.5米) 深的 or greater unless a protective system is in place.